![]() ![]() In fact, by implementing the use of hybrid vehicles, fuel consumption can be reduced. In addition, the use (implementation) of new technologies is also convenient from an economic point of view. New technologies related to hybrid–electric engines are making great strides in reducing emissions, and the funds allocated by public authorities should be addressed. It becomes mandatory to find a solution that respects the environment and, realize an appropriate transportation service to the customers. Further, “vehicle operating life” is most often exceeded and vehicle emissions do not comply with European antipollution standards. In addition, private traffic contributes greatly to city pollution. Environmental pollution in large cities is approximately 20% due to the transportation system. The abatement actions of harmful substances in the air are on the agenda and they are necessary today to safeguard our welfare and that of the planet. Pollution derived from transportation systems is a worldwide, timelier issue than ever. INDEX TERMS Adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (A-ECMS), dual-clutch transmission (DCT), energy management strategy (EMS), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This, together with a series of properly tuned fuel penalties allows the controller to yield results in which there is no gear hunting behaviour. One of the main aspects that differentiates the strategy here proposed from previous works is the introduction of a model to use physical considerations to estimate the energy consumption during gearshifts in dual-clutch transmissions. In terms of total fuel consumption, simulations show that the proposed approach yields results that are close to the optimal solution and also outperforms those of the A-ECMS, a well-known EMS. In particular, dynamic programming results are used to derive a set of rules aiming at reproducing the optimal gearshift schedule in electric mode while the Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS) is employed to decide the powertrain operating mode and the current gear when power from the internal combustion engine is needed. The developed rule-based strategy show performance within 10% of the DP results on WLTC and UDC-NEDC drive cycles and has the clear advantage of being near-optimal, easy-to-implement and computationally less demanding.īased on observations of the behaviour of the optimal solution to the problem of energy management for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, a novel real-time Energy Management Strategy (EMS) is proposed. ![]() ![]() Since DP strategy cannot be implemented as a real-time controller, useful strategies are extracted to develop the proposed rule-based strategy. Numerical issues of DP are analyzed and trade-offs between optimizing objectives are presented. The optimal control problem for minimizing fuel, emissions (i.e., HC, CO and NOx) and gear shift frequency are solved using dynamic programming (DP). Thus, in the present study, a design methodology for a rule-based supervisory controller of a pre-transmission parallel hybrid three-wheeler based on an optimal control strategy (i.e., dynamic programming) is proposed. Recent studies highlight the need for a comprehensive report on developing an easy-to-implement and efficient control strategy for hybrid electric three-wheelers. The overall efficiency of a hybrid electric vehicle heavily depends on the power management strategy used in controlling the main powertrain components of the vehicle. An emerging method to reduce adverse effects of the growing three-wheeler fleet is hybrid-electric technology. Millions of three-wheelers in large cities of Asia and Africa contribute to the already increasing urban air pollutants. (2004) 'Modelling and control of a medium-duty hybrid electric truck', Int. Simulation results over an urban driving cycle demonstrate that the hybrid control algorithm is able to improve vehicle fuel economy significantly, compared with the original vehicle, powered only by a diesel engine., J. A power management control algorithm is then designed and evaluated, which is based on mimicking the behaviour of a dynamic-programming optimisation scheme. The fundamental architecture of the feed-forward simulation tool and the dynamic equations of its sub-system modules are first described. The hybrid electric vehicle simulation tool (HE-VESIM) was developed at the Automotive Research Center of the University of Michigan to study the potential fuel economy and emission benefits of the parallel hybrid propulsion system for a medium truck. The main contributions of this paper are the development of a forward-looking hybrid vehicle simulation tool, and its application to the design of a power management control algorithm.
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